{"id":6028,"date":"2026-09-15T09:44:09","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T07:44:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/undevaincomunism.com\/?p=6028"},"modified":"2026-09-15T10:20:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-15T08:20:28","slug":"pamantul-rosu-cum-a-fost-pregatita-colectivizarea-in-romania-comunista-1944-1948","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/undevaincomunism.com\/ro\/pamantul-rosu-cum-a-fost-pregatita-colectivizarea-in-romania-comunista-1944-1948\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u201ero\u0219u\u201d. Cum a fost preg\u0103tit\u0103 colectivizarea \u00een Rom\u00e2nia comunist\u0103 (1944-1948)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Implementarea comunismului \u00een Rom\u00e2nia a fost str\u00e2ns legat\u0103, \u00een mod paradoxal, de lumea rural\u0103. De\u0219i ideologia, la r\u0103d\u0103cinile sale, milita pentru cauza comun\u0103 a muncitorimii, \u201eavangarda\u201d societ\u0103\u021bii socialiste \u0219i ulterior comuniste, majoritatea statelor din Blocul de Est s-au lovit de problematica \u021b\u0103r\u0103nimii. \u00cen URSS, problema fusese \u201erezolvat\u0103\u201d prin brutala colectivizare stalinist\u0103 a anilor '20-'30, a c\u0103rei gestionare deficitar\u0103 a dus la milioane de victime.<\/p>

Pentru Rom\u00e2nia, stat eminamente agrar \u0219i a c\u0103rui situa\u021bie \u021b\u0103r\u0103neasc\u0103 r\u0103m\u0103sese un punct nevralgic \u0219i intens dezb\u0103tut \u00eenc\u0103 de la fondarea statului modern \u00een secolul XIX, \u201esolu\u021bia\u201d de inspira\u021bie sovietic\u0103 a avut consecin\u021be \u00een definitiv nefaste, printre care men\u021binerea \u00een subdezvoltare a lumii rurale.<\/p>

Vai de cei \u00eenvin\u0219i. \u021a\u0103ranul rom\u00e2n \u0219i finalul celui De-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial<\/strong><\/p>

Al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial a reprezentat o tragedie de propor\u021bii pentru Rom\u00e2nia urban\u0103, cu atat mai de seam\u0103 pentru cea rural\u0103. \u00centre anii 1941-1945, dintre cele peste 500.000 de victime civile \u0219i militare pe care le-a avut Rom\u00e2nia, majoritatea cov\u00e2r\u0219itoare a acestora au provenit de la sat.<\/p>

Dezastrele militare de pe Frontul de Est, dar \u0219i cel din timpul schimb\u0103rii armelor la 23 august, au adus situa\u021bia \u021b\u0103ranilor \u00een prag critic. Devastarea produs\u0103 de marile manevre efectuate pe front, pierderile umane din r\u00e2ndul b\u0103rba\u021bilor tineri care munceau p\u0103m\u00e2ntul, dar \u0219i ocupa\u021bia sovietic\u0103 \u00eenceput\u0103 \u00een anul 1944 au \u00eempov\u0103rat cu greu o p\u0103tur\u0103 social\u0103 ce, \u00een perioada interbelic\u0103, \u00ee\u0219i c\u00e2\u0219tigase cu mare dificultate proprietatea asupra p\u0103m\u00e2ntului.<\/p>

Rom\u00e2nia \u00een tranzi\u021bie c\u0103tre bol\u0219evism. \u00cenr\u0103ut\u0103\u021birea condi\u021biei \u021b\u0103r\u0103nimii<\/strong><\/p>

De\u0219i schimbarea taberelor, efectuat\u0103 la 23 august 1944, a g\u0103sit Rom\u00e2nia al\u0103turi de Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 \u00eempotriva vechiului aliat (Germania Nazist\u0103), la finalul r\u0103zboiului \u021bara a fost tratat\u0103 ca un stat \u00eenvins, fapt consfin\u021bit \u00een tratatul de pace de la Paris din 1947. Rom\u00e2nia se obliga astfel s\u0103 desp\u0103gubeasc\u0103 Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 prin repara\u021bii de r\u0103zboi \u00een valoare de 300 de milioane de dolari.<\/p>

Plata acestora nu a fost realizat\u0103 \u00een valut\u0103, ci \u00een bunuri - petrol, resurse ale solului \u0219i subsolului, dar \u0219i o rechizi\u021bionare considerabil\u0103 a produc\u021biei agricole.<\/p>

\u00cenaltul Comandament Sovietic a fost responsabil de tranzi\u021bia postbelic\u0103 a Rom\u00e2niei conform tratatelor - fapt ce a dat m\u00e2n\u0103 liber\u0103 sovieticilor \u00een exploatarea material\u0103 a tuturor p\u0103turilor sociale - din nou, mai cu seam\u0103, a \u021b\u0103r\u0103nimii. Estimativ, costurile repara\u021biilor de r\u0103zboi ar fi ajuns, \u00een fapt, la 2 miliarde de dolari la care se ad\u0103ugau \u0219i costurile ocupa\u021biei.<\/p>

M\u0103rul otr\u0103vit al reformei agrare. S\u0103r\u0103cirea sistematic\u0103 a \u021b\u0103r\u0103nimii<\/strong><\/p>

\u00cen aceste condi\u021bii, Partidul Comunist Rom\u00e2n care se afla \u00een plin proces de cucerire a puterii, \u0219i-a dat seama c\u0103 trebuia, \u00eentr-un fel sau altul, s\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tige m\u0103car o parte din \u021b\u0103r\u0103nime \u00een sus\u021binerea cauzei bol\u0219evice.<\/p>

\u00cen martie 1945 a avut loc reforma agrar\u0103, prin care au fost expropriate vechile propriet\u0103\u021bi ale mo\u0219ierilor de 50 de hectare sau mai mult. Nu doar at\u00e2t, \u00eens\u0103 m\u0103surile au lovit \u00een mod expres comunitatea german\u0103, fiind invocat\u0103 colaborarea cu for\u021bele naziste din timpul r\u0103zboiului. Potrivit cercet\u0103rilor lui Gail Kligman \u0219i Katherine Verdery, \u00een medie, fiec\u0103rui \u021b\u0103ran i-au revenit 1.3 hectare de p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Reforma a fost folosit\u0103 intens din punct de vedere propagandistic, preg\u0103tindu-se alegerile din 1946 (care \u00een final au fost falsificate \u0219i c\u00e2\u0219tigate de comuni\u0219ti).<\/p>

Din aceea\u0219i cercetare, reiese c\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul primit nu a fost doar o \u201emit\u0103\u201d electoral\u0103, ci a preg\u0103tit \u0219i colectivizarea ulterioar\u0103. Astfel, aproximativ 27% dintr cele 1.440.000 hectare expropriate au r\u0103mas \u00een proprietatea statului. Reforma a fragmentat restul de 73% din proprietatea funciar\u0103 revenit\u0103 \u021b\u0103ranilor, iar peste dou\u0103 treimi din gospod\u0103rii au r\u0103mas cu un lot nu mai mare de cinci hectare.<\/p>

De asemenea, m\u0103surile comuni\u0219tilor au vizat \u0219i confiscarea inventarului agricol, dar \u0219i a ma\u0219in\u0103riilor. Astfel, rezultatul a fost unul care a avantajat noua conducere: \u021b\u0103r\u0103nimea era teoretic \u201e\u00eempropriet\u0103rit\u0103\u201d, \u00eens\u0103 puternic divizat\u0103, iar noii \u021b\u0103rani \u00eempropriet\u0103ri\u021bi deveneau dependen\u021bi de conducerea comunist\u0103, care administra mijloacele necesare unei agriculturi eficiente.<\/p>

Rezisten\u021b\u0103 \u0219i foamete. Cum \u00eent\u00e2mpina \u021b\u0103ranul rom\u00e2n proclamarea Republicii<\/strong><\/p>

Dup\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103ptuirea reformei, situa\u021bia \u021b\u0103r\u0103nimii a continuat s\u0103 se deprecieze. Sub presiunea costurilor ocupa\u021biei, dar \u0219i a m\u0103surilor luate de conducerea comunist\u0103, anii 1946-1947 au fost o perioad\u0103 marcat\u0103 de lipsuri alimentare severe \u0219i foamete, mai ales \u00een nordul \u0219i nord-estul \u021b\u0103rii.<\/p>

\u00cen contextul dezastrului aprovizion\u0103rii alimentare, a fost legiferat \u00een anul 1946 sistemul cotelor obligatorii din produc\u021bia agricol\u0103, care trebuiau livrate c\u0103tre stat, acestea fiind reglementate mai departe inclusiv pe perioada anilor '50.<\/p>

Pentru \u021b\u0103rani, rezisten\u021ba a \u00eembr\u0103cat diverse forme. Consecin\u021bele represiunii puteau fi severe, a\u0219adar \u021b\u0103ranii nu au refuzat neap\u0103rat predarea cotelor, \u00eens\u0103 au c\u0103utat s\u0103 ocoleasc\u0103 din condi\u021biile impuse. Astfel, produse din recolt\u0103 erau ascunse, recolta oferit\u0103 satului era par\u021bial \u00eenlocuit\u0103 cu alte materiale sau num\u0103rul animalelor nu era integral declarat. Dezorganizarea procesului de comunizare era evident\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t inclusiv autorit\u0103\u021bile locale c\u0103deau prad\u0103 corup\u021biei, ne\u00eendeplinind nivelul cotelor cerut de stat.<\/p>

Anul 1948 \u0219i proclamarea Republicii a g\u0103sit \u021b\u0103ranul rom\u00e2n \u00eentr-o pozi\u021bie vulnerabil\u0103 \u0219i remarcabil de s\u0103rac\u0103. Dac\u0103 perioada interbelic\u0103 reprezentase, cel pu\u021bin la \u00eenceput, o perioad\u0103 de stabilizare \u00een via\u021ba rural\u0103, demararea procesului de comunizare a \u021b\u0103rii a \u00eensemnat o destructurare profund\u0103 a nou \u0219i pu\u021bin-c\u00e2\u0219tigatei propriet\u0103\u021bi \u021b\u0103r\u0103ne\u0219ti, readuc\u00e2nd \u021b\u0103ranul rom\u00e2n \u00eentr-o pozi\u021bie de servitudine abuziv\u0103.<\/p>

Sugestii de lectur\u0103:<\/h2>

KLIGMAN, Gail; VERDERY, Katherine, Peasants under Siege: The Collectivization of Romanian Agriculture, 1949\u20131962<\/em>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2011.<\/p>

DOBRINCU, Dorin (coord.); AIOANEI, Alexandru-Dumitru; LISNIC, Dumitru; L\u0102C\u0102TU\u0218U, Dumitru (eds.), The Collectivization of Agriculture in Romania: Social Engineering, Political Violence, and the Peasantry\u2019s Response. Documents. Vol. I: 1949\u20131950<\/em>, Ia\u0219i, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press, 2017.<\/p>

ROMANIA, Law No. 68 of 16 February 1946 on the Organization of the Collection of Plant and Animal Agricultural Products and the Distribution of Industrial and Food Products in Rural Communes<\/em>, in The Official Gazette of Romania<\/em>, no. 40, 16 February 1946.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The establishment of communism in Romania was, paradoxically, closely connected to the rural world. Although the ideology had originally championed<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6037,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6028","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nThe \u201cRed\u201d Land: How Collectivization Was Prepared in Communist Romania (1944\u20131948) - Undeva In Comunism<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In the early 1970s, Bucharest was paralyzed by fear. A serial killer targeted women at night in poorly lit areas. 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